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            <title xml:lang="fr">La création du NIR sous l’Occupation : les chiffres et la mécanographie au service de l’enregistrement des personnes</title>
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                <term xml:lang="fr">René Carmille</term>
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                <term xml:lang="fr">mechanography</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Vichy</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">national identity card</term>
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                <term xml:lang="fr">History of statistics René Carmille SNS-INSEE (French National Statistics Services) mechanography Vichy national identity card Liberation</term>
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              <p>The idea of a mandatory individual registration number, potentially maintained by the statistics service, which would open and keep an individual record file up to date, aims to strengthen population control. Emerging between the two world wars, it aims to count and classify people according to predefined criteria (sex, age, address, profession, etc.). This project became feasible with the widespread use of mechanography, which allows for the rapid processing of a large number of administrative documents. The reinforcement of population control in France, which peaked under the Vichy regime, and the organization of national solidarity with Social Security starting from the Liberation, illustrate the two facets—one repressive and the other redistributive—of the individual registration number. It can serve the worst or the best purposes.</p>
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              <p>L’idée d’un numéro d’immatriculation individuel obligatoire éventuellement tenu par le service chargé des statistiques qui ouvrirait et tiendrait à jour un carnet signalétique par individu vise à renforcer la surveillance et le contrôle des populations et à améliorer la répartition des ressources. Apparue entre les deux guerres mondiales elle envisage de compter et de classer les personnes selon des critères définis à l’avance (sexe, âge, adresse, profession, etc.). Ce projet est réalisable avec la généralisation de la mécanographie qui permet d’exploiter rapidement un grand nombre de documents administratifs. En France, les impératifs de surveillance et de contrôle des populations culminent sous Vichy, puis l’organisation de la solidarité nationale avec la Sécurité sociale à partir de la Libération illustrent les deux facettes, l’une liberticide et l’autre redistributrice, du numéro individuel d’immatriculation. Il peut être au service du pire ou du meilleur…</p>
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